The word "polity" means a group of people with a common identity which are organised into a government.
Evolution of Governance
In human history, the concept of governance evolved from a tribal system to a kingdom system, and then into a democratic system. In the kingdom system, all types of powers (legislative, judiciary, executive) were concentrated with the king. The king was considered to be above the law and held supreme power. This system was highly repressive and discriminatory in nature.
Magna Carta (1215)
The power of the king was first restricted in 1215 in England. King John accepted the demand of the people that the law is supreme and the king is below the law. This emerged as the first civil right and was popularly known as the concept of "rule of law". It is also known as the Magna Carta.
- Where: England
- Who: King John
- Key Concept: Law is supreme, above the king.
English Revolution (1698)
This revolution further restricted the King's power and led to the emergence of the Parliament concept, marking the beginning of democracy. England has an unwritten constitution.
American Revolution
Introduced the concept of freedom and the world's first written constitution.
French Revolution
Championed the ideals of equality and liberty.
Russian Revolution
Focused on the concept of justice.
Democracy
In a democracy, powers are transferred from the king to the people. The ultimate power lies with the people. It is a system of governance "by the people, for the people, of the people."
Constitution
It is the fundamental law of the land or the supreme law of the land. It consists of rules and principles which determine the following:
- Formation of the government.
- Working of the government.
- Rights and duties of the citizen.
- Division of power between different organs of government.
Forms of Democracy
The concept of democracy exists in two primary forms:
- Parliamentary Form of Democracy: Originated in England.
- Presidential Form of Democracy: Originated in the USA, where the concept of a President also comes from.
These two forms of democracy were adopted by various countries, including India.